Annorra fåtölj
Auktioner – Online Curated Timepieces - December, med Vintage High-Beat samling Chalet Interiors Carl Johan De Geer och Kjartan Slettemark Lotte Laserstein - porträtt och landskap Se alla tema- och specialauktioner. Andorra , [ e ] officially the Principality of Andorra , [ 2 ] [ f ] is a sovereign landlocked country on the Iberian Peninsula , in the eastern Pyrenees in Western Europe, bordered by France to the north and Spain to the south.
Believed to have been created by Charlemagne , Andorra was ruled by the count of Urgell until , when it was transferred to the Roman Catholic Diocese of Urgell. The present principality was formed by a charter in It is currently headed by two co-princes: the Bishop of Urgell in Catalonia , Spain, and the president of France. Its capital and largest city is Andorra la Vella. Andorra is the sixth-smallest state in Europe , with an area of square kilometres sq mi and a population of approximately 79, Tourism in Andorra brings approximately 8 million visitors to the country annually.
It has been a member of the United Nations since The origin of the word Andorra is unknown, although several hypotheses have been proposed. The oldest is one put forward by the Greek historian Polybius The Histories III, 35, 1 , who describes the Andosins, an Iberian Pre-Roman tribe , as historically located in the valleys of Andorra and facing the Carthaginian army in its passage through the Pyrenees during the Punic Wars.
The word Andosini or Andosins Ἀνδοσίνοι may derive from the Basque handia , meaning "big" or "giant". Another theory suggests that the word Andorra may derive from the old word Anorra that contains the Basque word ur "water". Another theory suggests that Andorra may derive from Arabic ad-dārra الدَّارَة , indicating a vast land which is located among mountains or a thickly wooded place [ 25 ] with ad- being the definite article.
When the Moors conquered the Iberian Peninsula, the valleys of the High Pyrenees were covered by large tracts of forest. These regions were not administered by Muslims , because of the geographic difficulty of direct rule. Other theories suggest that the term derives from the Navarro-Aragonese "andurrial", which means "land covered with bushes" or "scrubland". The folk etymology holds that Charlemagne had named the region as a reference to the Biblical Canaanite valley of Endor or Andor where the Midianites had been defeated , a name bestowed by his heir and son Louis the Pious after defeating the Moors in the "wild valleys of Hell".
The seasonal camp was perfectly located for hunting and fishing by the groups of hunter-gatherers from Ariege and Segre. The population of the valley grew cereals, raised domestic livestock, and developed commercial trade with people from Ségre and Occitania. Metallurgical items of iron, ancient coins, and reliquaries can be found in the ancient sanctuaries scattered around the country. The sanctuary of Roc de les Bruixes Stone of the Witches is perhaps the most important archeological complex of this age in Andorra, located in the parish of Canillo , about the rituals of funerals, ancient scripture and engraved stone murals.
The inhabitants of the valleys were traditionally associated with the Iberians and historically located in Andorra as the Iberian tribe Andosins or Andosini Ἀνδοσίνους during the 7th and 2nd centuries BC. Influenced by the Aquitanian , Basque and Iberian languages , the locals developed some current toponyms. Early writings and documents relating to this group of people goes back to the second century BC by the Greek writer Polybius in his Histories during the Punic Wars.
Andorra Flag
People continued trading, mainly with wine and cereals, with the Roman cities of Urgellet the present-day La Seu d'Urgell and across Segre through the via romana Strata Ceretana also known as Strata Confluetana. The Visigoths remained in the valleys for years, during which time Christianity spread. Tradition holds that Charles the Great Charlemagne granted a charter to the Andorran people for a contingent of 5, soldiers under the command of Marc Almugaver, in return for fighting against the Moors near Porté-Puymorens Cerdanya.
Andorra remained part of the Frankish Marca Hispanica , the buffer zone between the Frankish Empire and the Muslim territories, Andorra being part of the territory ruled by the Count of Urgell and eventually the bishop of the Diocese of Urgell. Tradition also holds that it was guaranteed by the son of Charlemagne, Louis the Pious , writing the Carta de Poblament or a local municipal charter c. The document, dated , depicts the six old parishes of the Andorran valleys that made up the country's administrative division.
Before , Andorra had no military protection, and the bishop of Urgell, who knew that the count of Urgell wanted to reclaim the Andorran valleys, [ 42 ] asked the Lord of Caboet for help and protection. In , the lord of Caboet and the bishop of Urgell signed under oath a declaration of their co-sovereignty over Andorra.
Arnalda de Caboet , daughter of Arnau of Caboet, married the viscount of Castellbò. In the 13th century, a military dispute arose between the bishop of Urgell and the count of Foix as aftermath of the Cathar Crusade. The conflict was resolved in with the mediation of the king of Aragon , Peter III , between the bishop and the count, by the signing of the first paréage , which provided that Andorra's sovereignty be shared between the count of Foix [ 42 ] whose title would ultimately transfer to the French head of state and the bishop of Urgell, in Catalonia.
This gave the principality its territory and political form. A second paréage was signed in after a dispute when the count of Foix ordered the construction of a castle in Roc d'Enclar. In , the political organization of the country named the figure of the syndic now spokesman and president of the parliament as representative of the Andorrans to their co-princes, making possible the creation of local departments comuns, quarts and veïnats.
The syndic Andreu d'Alàs and the General Council organized the creation of the Justice Courts La Cort de Justicia in with the co-princes and the collection of taxes like foc i lloc literally "fire and site", a national tax active since then. Although there are remains of ecclesiastical works dating before the 9th century Sant Vicenç d'Enclar or Església de Santa Coloma , Andorra developed exquisite Romanesque Art during the 9th through 14th centuries, particularly in the construction of churches, bridges, religious murals and statues of the Virgin and Child Our Lady of Meritxell being the most important.
The Catalan Pyrenees were embryonic of the Catalan language at the end of the 11th century.
Flag of Andorra
Andorra was influenced by this language, which was adopted locally decades before it expanded to the rest of the Crown of Aragon. The local economy during the Middle Ages was based on livestock, agriculture, furs and weavers. Later, at the end of the 11th century, the first iron foundries began to appear in Northern Parishes like Ordino , much appreciated by the master artisans who developed the art of the forges, an important economic activity in the country from the 15th century.